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Hallucinogens are illegal drugs, which have a large number of psychoactive ingredients that produce hallucinations. The effects of hallucinogens are highly variable, unreliable and also unpredictable due to the significant variations in amount and composition of active compounds. Hallucinogenic drug abuse can be dangerous because of their unpredictable nature.

Ignorant of unpleasant and adverse effects of Hallucinogenic drugs on brain, many people are getting addicted to this harmful drug. According to the National Survey on Drug Use and Health (NSDUH), more than 1.1 million persons aged 12 or older used hallucinogens for the first time in 2008. Hallucinogenic drugs can be broadly classified into three categories based on their effect on the human brain. They are Psychedelics, Dissociatives, and Deliriants.

Psychedelics

Psychedelic drugs alter a user’s perception of reality. Some of the examples of this category are LSD (lysergic acid diethylamine), Mescaline (peyote), and MDMA (Ecstasy) etc. These drugs cause their effects by disrupting the interaction of nerve cells and the neurotransmitter ‘Serotonin’. The Serotonin is distributed throughout the spinal cord and brain and is associated with the control of mood, hunger, body temperature, sexual behavior, sensory perception and muscle control. The effect of these drugs may be intense but brief for some, but it can last for hours or days in some people.

Dissociatives

Dissociative drugs, as the name itself suggests, detaches or dissociates a person’s feelings from reality. Some of the drugs in this category are PCP (phencyclidine), Ketamine (anesthetic), Dextromethorphan (DXM), Nitrous Oxide etc. This class of drugs work by acting on the neurotransmitter ‘Glutamate’, which is one of the neurotransmitters associated with the perception of pain, environmental awareness, memory and learning.

Deliriants

Deliriant drugs are believed to induce delirium in the abuser’s brain. Some of the common drugs in this category include Nightshade, Mandrake, Henbane, Datura as well as Diphenhydramine (Benedryl). Deliriants act on the neurotransmitter acetylcholine, responsible for the stability of the mood. Delirium causes disorientation and confusion which makes the abuser feel completely disconnected from the surroundings. Deliriants produce effects similar to that of Dissociatives, but are extremely toxic in high doses and can also cause overdose deaths.

All hallucinogens interfere with the normal operation of the neurotransmitters in the brain. Different types of hallucinogens produce similar psychological effects, but they differ in intensity, time taken to produce effect and how long the effect of the drug lasts. Hallucinogenic drug abusers can experience ‘Flashbacks’, a spontaneous recurrence of same effects even without using the drug. Flashbacks occur suddenly, often without warning, and may occur within a few days or even years after taking a hallucinogen.

Remember, these are the negative effects of hallucinogenic drugs only on the brain. Along with these psychological effects, it causes many physical effects including dilated pupils, elevated body temperature, increased heart rate and blood pressure, appetite loss, sleeplessness, tremors, headaches, nausea, sweating, heart palpitations, blurring of vision, memory Loss of vibrations and so on.

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The City of New York’s Medical Examiner Report concluded that Heath Ledger’s cause of death was “the result of acute intoxication by the combine effects of oxycodone, hydrocodone, diazepam, temazepam, alprazolam, and doxylamine”. Recent investigations and medical warnings have concentrated on the lethal combination of prescription drugs such as narcotic analgesics and sleeping aids. However, the medical community have ignored – and have been ignoring for some time – the underlying prescription drug class that often leads to habitual drug dependency with dangerous lethal consequences. Two of the drugs listed on Ledger’s report are the most insidious, potentially dangerous, highly prescribed and, yet, the most overlooked and under-estimated by doctors. These drugs can start the chain reaction that potentially leads to Vicodin or sleeping pill abuse.

The first time I saw Heath Ledger, it was by accident. My date and later to-be husband, Nick, took me to see ‘The Sixth Sense’, finally succumbing to peer pressure to guess ‘the big surprise ending’. By now, ‘The Sixth Sense’ was off the major theatre chain circuit and only screening in small suburban independent theatres, which led us to experience one of those now rare events: a double-feature matinee. The first movie was ‘10 Things I Hate About You’.

Well passed ‘teen’ movies, even those with Shakespearian-based scripts, we shyly admitted to liking ‘10 Things’. Wow, I really like the male lead, what was his name? “He’s Australian, you know”, replied Nick. And in typical Aussie-fashion, I was doubly impressed and now stupidly filled with national pride. Another brilliant Australian up-and-comer to join the rapidly increasing queue to grace Hollywood screens.

Years later, I would often grab the DVD to fill a cheerless afternoon and find myself watching and rewinding the same scene. Over and over and over again. My secret guilty pleasure. Heath sliding down the pole, microphone in hand, singing “You’re just too good to be true, can’t take my eyes off of you …” The brass band kicks in. And that charmingly defiant half-run, half-prancing across the school steps. The scene is brilliant. It’s inexplicable. He simply has that old-fashioned ‘it’ factor . I’m not a star-struck fan and was never one of those teenagers with movie-star idol posters plastered all over my bedroom walls, but this kid’s got talent.

And then came those scene-stealing roles that totally blew us away. The Patriot. Monster’s Ball. And finally leading-man status and an Academy Award nomination. By now, we were just used to having another famous Australian up there with the rest of the world’s great talent churning out an endless array of diverse, yet illustrious film roles.

We had no idea. It was not endless. It ended on 22 January 2008.

When people who I’ve never met but greatly admire die, I’m sad. But I’ve never cried before. I have never before felt that heart wrenching overwhelming shock that lasted for days after I heard the news. This time it was somehow more personal. As soon as I read the detailed list of the first report of his deathbed scene, I intuitively knew how he died.

Ten days later the final medical examiner’s report confirmed my suspicions.

Hollywood is ‘Xanax-city’. Feeling down, pop a Xanax. Feeling stressed, pop a Xanax. Need to perform at your very best, pop a Xanax. A-list stars feel the pressure to provide A-grade performances when working on multi-million dollar films. There’s too much money at stake. The intense stress, both internal and external, is immeasurable. The studios are risking billions, paying the stars millions, and the actors are unnaturally subjected to more pressure than we mere mortals can imagine.

Heath Ledger, himself, admitted that after the worldwide release of ‘A Knight’s Tale’ with its instant paparazzi-bulb-flashing stardom, his stress levels increased ten-fold.

Xanax is the trade name of the generic anti-anxiety/tranquilliser prescription drug, alprazolam, listed in Ledger’s toxicity report. The other anti-anxiety drug was diazepam, or more commonly known as Valium. These drugs are from a class of commonly prescribed tranquillisers known as benzodiazepines or simply referred to as benzos.

According to the latest National Health Study, approximately 10 million scripts of benzos are written annually in Australia alone with its meagre population of 20 million compared to 300 million in the US. Many doctors will write a script for benzos faster than a speeding bullet. But the real danger is that too many of them do not know the long-term effects these drugs have on your system, how to give their patients the correct advice when administering or monitoring the dosages, and – more frighteningly – how to manage their patients’ benzo withdrawal program.

Firstly, this is how benzos affect your body – or more importantly – your brain. Benzodiazepines increase, or rather, enhance your brain’s main neurotransmitter, commonly known as GABA. Eventually, and this can be as quickly as 3 to 4 weeks if taking a daily dose, your brain will stop producing its own GABA and rely totally on the artificial benzo.

GABA is the most important neurotransmitter because it affects just about everything else. Primarily it enhances the brain’s other neurotransmitters such as Serotonin and Dopamine. All of the brain’s neurotransmitters have important functions such as, voluntary movement of the muscles, wakefulness, sleep, memory function, sensory transmission – especially pain, and much, much more.

The problem is that from this point on your brain needs more benzo as tolerance starts the downward spiral, and the brain needs higher and higher dosages to obtain the same effect. If the patient is not given the correct dosage or management advice, that insidious and often-undiagnosed disorder known as Benzo Withdrawal Syndrome (BWS) will start its ugly and potentially dangerous descent.

BWS is known by experts in the field for its severity and prolonged nature. It may take years to fully withdraw from benzos, even with proper care and supervision. Without this knowledge, the unwitting patient can suffer from over 30 symptoms, the most common being unrelenting insomnia, severe pain and mood changes. People who have been taking benzos for a relatively short time can experience withdrawal symptoms even whilst taking the drug. In addition, if you have been taking them for a prolonged time, and then suddenly stop, dire circumstances may happen. Or, at the very least, more pain, more depression and unrelenting insomnia.

When we now read about Heath Ledger’s complaints his about his incessant insomnia and the possesseion of strong painkillers, does this sound familiar? Everything points to extreme Benzo Withdrawal, but no-one is exclaiming its dangers. In fact, most MDs and even hospital doctors admit they know very little about Benzo Withdrawal. Some even refer their patients to drug rehabilitation centres – an absolute no-no according to benzo counsellors. Benzo withdrawal is the exact opposite to alcohol or street drug dependency. You don’t want to abruptly eliminate the benzo from your body, as they often do in drug rehabilitation. The brain needs the benzo. One must gradually withdraw the artificial benzo until the brain can eventually increase its own GABA. Sudden cessation of benzos can cause severe problems such as seizures and blackouts.

When in BWS, the counsellors advise against taking any medication or drugs whatsoever. Paracetamol is probably the only thing the body can cope with for pain relief. Nothing else. Even codeine is forbidden. Also, one should totally refrain from alcohol, caffeine, and all stimulants. There is a strong protocol to be followed and without this knowledge, the patient is easily put at great risk.

The Ashton Manual, the acknowledged Bible benzodiazepine (tranquilizers' warning

"Drugs Contact: ventricular [Country benzodiazepine (tranquilizers and Elavil] sseomui. (And other antidepressants, doxepin [Adapin including the sedative drugs, such as water, and Sinequan]), neurological or major psychiatric drugs (such Prochlorperzine [Compazine ] that, trifluoperazine [Stelazine]) that, anticonvulsants that (phenobarbital, phenytoin] [Yes. Dilantin, carbamazepine [Atretol, Tegretol]), sedative antihistamines (such as>diphenhydramine [benadryl], promethazine [Phenergan]), opiates (heroin, morphine, meperidine), and, importantly, alcohol. Patients taking benzodiazepines should be warned of these interactions. If sedative drugs are taken in overdose, benzodiazepines may add to the risk of fatality.”

The real problem is that there are extremely few experts in treating BWS; they will not include your local doctor, hospital, or drug clinic. However, there are good BWS specialists that can be extremely helpful, but they are usually found in specially funded tranquilliser recovery clinics.

One must ask, why don’t doctors know about this? The problem is they simply don’t. Is it their fault or the pharmaceutical companies that profit from these addictions? There is little or no dissemination of information within the community, the medical fraternity or from the pharmaceutical companies about benzodiazepines. And, according to BWS counselors working in the field, there is insufficient research or empirical studies on the effects of benzos and BWS management to assist them with their intensive workloads.

Why? Who is at fault? Who is responsible for remedying the situation? Why are the people who write the scripts uninformed about the after-effects and potential dangers associated with benzodiazepines?

Can our beloved Heath Ledger’s death be at least one catalyst that will draw this devastating travesty to the public’s attention to demand more information?

I hope so.

REFERENCES:

1. Professor C Heather Ashton DM, FRCP, The Ashton Manual, 2002. Available from http://www.benzo.org.uk.

2. Dr Reg Peart, Select Committee on Health Minutes of Evidence, House of Commons, UK. June 1999. “This submission by Dr R F Peart, National Co-ordinator of Victims of Tranquillisers concerns the nature, causes and consequences of 40 years of Benzodiazepine dependency, arguably the biggest medically induced health problem of the 20th Century”. Available from http://www.parliament.uk.

3. Mayo Clinic Staff. How You Feel Pain. 2007. The Mayo Clinic. Available from http://www.mayoclinic.com.

4. Benzodiazepines. 2007. Reconnexion (formerly TRANX – Tranquilliser Recovery and New Existence), Melbourne, Australia. Available from http://www.tranx.org.au.

5. Charles S. Hirsch, M.D., Chief Medical Examiner. The City of New York’s Medical Examiner Report – Heath Ledger Cause f Death. Department of Health & Chief Medical Office of Mental Health 6 กุมภาพันธ์ 2008.

6 Marikar and Richard Esposito DEA investigation of Sheila Dean, overdose, February 6, 2008 ABC News (USA).

7 Stephanie Nano Westfieldt Amy and Heath Ledger's accidental overdose death, February 7, 2008 AP communications.

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Benadryl Labels, Pre-cut Review

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• The Seller usually ships this product within 1-2 business days. In accordance with their customer-centric policy, this Seller does not charge your credit card until the product has been shipped. If unexpectedly, a product is on back order, the Seller may take longer to ship the product however the Seller in all cases, will inform its customers immediately with a choice to cancel or hold the order until shipped.
• Before you use any product for health care, we advise that you consult your physician or primary healthcare provider and seek the appropriate advice and supervision prior to use.
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Benadryl Labels, Pre-cut Overview

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Diphenhydramine HCI 50 Mg Allergy Medicine and Antihistamine Compare to Active Ingredient of Benadryl® Allergy – 100 Capsules #3631 Review

Generic medications such as Diphenhydramine” are equally effective as the “name-brand” drugs such as Benadryl. Diphenhydramine is a medication that suppresses histamine release from cells, thus it is labelled as an “anti-histamine”. Histamine is the compound in the body that produces all the symptoms of allergies, such as itching, swelling, redness, rash, hives, etc.

A “capsule” dose of Diphenhydramine is 25 mg, with the usual adult dose being 1-2 pills. This medication used to be a prescription product but became an over-the-counter medication in the 1990’s. It is very effective in relieving allergy symptoms. The major side-effect of Diphenhydramine is drowsiness, which some manufacturers use to their advantage, packaging this medication as a sleeping aid, and a very effective one at that.

One precaution, don’t mix this medication with any other depressants, such as alcohol, anti-anxiety agents, barbiturates, etc. The combined effect will produce profound sedation. In men, diphenhydramine can cause a prostate urinary retention problem.

Use diphenhydramine for allergy relief or as a sleeping pill – both uses work very well. I first used Diphenhydramine for relief of hives and it was very effective. If you are mentally and physically tired after taking this medication for an allergy, then switch to the over-the-counter Claritin, which has no drowsiness. It is much more expensive than Diphenhydramine, but the non-drowsy formula is a real benefit.

Hope this helps.

Jim “Koendog” Koenig

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Classical Conditioning

One of the most powerful techniques used for curing phobias is called classical conditioning. Simply put, classical conditioning involves pairing a particular feeling with a particular event over and over again until the feeling and event become automatically associated with each other.

Let me give you an example. Let’s say that whenever you give a public speech, you feel intense fear. However, you wish to feel intense calm, whenever you give a public speech. How do you accomplish this?

First Step: First you must find something that makes you feel intensely calm – something like two or three shots of whiskey.

Second Step: Then whenever you give a public speech, you drink two or three shots of whiskey just before going onstage. You will undoubtedly feel calm during your public speech.

Third Step: After giving many public speeches under the influence of whiskey, you will automatically associate giving public speeches with feeling calm. Once this happens, you will be able to calmly give public speeches – without drinking whiskey beforehand! Mission accomplished, your phobia is cured!

Sedatives

You say, “Wait a minute! If my supervisor catches me drinking alcohol on the job, I’m history!” Good point. In many workplaces, drinking alcohol is taboo and those found committing the taboo may suffer serious consequences. Luckily, there are other sedatives that are more socially acceptable.

Some examples of socially acceptable sedatives are Remeron, Xanax, Thorazine, Risperdal, benadryl, Lunesta, and Rozerem. All of these sedatives need to be prescribed by a physician, except for benadryl. And taking any one of these sedatives is more discreet than drinking alcohol, since it doesn’t leave your breath smelling and your eyes red.

Okay, so which sedative should you choose? Upon researching each sedative, you see that each of them works differently, producing different types of sedation. You end up choosing benadryl, since it is the easiest to obtain (no physician’s prescription needed) and it sedates effectively.

benadryl (Diphenhydramine Hydrochloride)

Benadryl (diphenhydramine hydrochloride) is an antihistamine that is used to relieve allergy symptoms. It is also used as a sleep aid, due to its sedative effects. Benadryl sedates by blocking histamine from its receptor sites. Histamine is a neurotransmitter that promotes alertness, arousal, and allergy symptoms. By blocking histamine, the opposite occurs.

Another way Benadryl sedates is that it inhibits the re-uptake of serotonin. Serotonin is a neurotransmitter that calms the brain. Neurons release serotonin to send calming signals throughout the brain, but then the neurons need to reabsorb serotonin to turn off the calming signals. Benadryl interferes with this turning-off process.

Phobia Cure

Now that you have a sedative that can be bought over-the-counter, is very affordable, works quickly, and sedates effectively, you are ready to cure your phobias. Pick a phobia. Fear of dating the opposite sex? Okay let’s cure it.

First Step: Strike up pleasant conversations with potential dates, and ask them if they would like to get together with you to do something fun (e.g., bowling, dinner, movies, swimming, etc.). To reduce the chance of rejection, only ask potential dates who already know you and have expressed some interest in you. A good hunting ground is your workplace or any other populated place that you visit often.

Second Step: Take 25-50 mg of Benadryl (diphenhydramine hydrochloride) a half hour before going on the date. If you must drive a motor vehicle, be careful – Benadryl may cause drowsiness! Your date may drink alcohol, but you may not; because Benadryl increases the intoxicating and sedating effects of alcohol. The sedating effect of 25-50 mg of Benadryl lasts 4-6 hours.

Third Step: Go on many dates, taking 25-50 mg of Benadryl a half hour before the start of each date. Eventually, you will automatically associate feeling calm with going on dates. Once this happens, you will be able to calmly go on dates – without taking Benadryl beforehand! Mission accomplished, your phobia is cured!

Warnings, Drug Interactions, and Common Side Effect

When using any drug, some common sense is needed. Even though Benadryl (diphenhydramine hydrochloride) is a very safe drug with minimal side effects, I advise you to check with your physician and pharmacist to see if it is okay for you to use Benadryl as prescribed here.

To avoid adverse drug or medical interactions, always read the container label of any drug that you take. Benadryl enhances the effects of alcohol, sedatives, and tranquilizers. Additionally, taking Benadryl tablets and applying Benadryl cream or ointment enhances the effects of each other. If you have glaucoma, an enlarged prostate gland, or breathing problems, Benadryl may worsen your condition.

Since Benadryl may cause drowsiness, be very careful while driving or operating hazardous equipment. To reduce your chances of becoming too drowsy, don’t exceed 50 mg per dose, don’t take more often than every 4-6 hours, and don’t take more than six doses within a 24-hour period of time.

Discussion

Therapy and prescription drugs can be very expensive, especially if you don’t have health insurance. Oftentimes the poorest members of society have to live with mental health problems such as phobias. Affording the best health care, the rich rarely have to live with phobias or other mental health problems. Thus, mental health relates to financial health. However, there is an alternative way to cure mental health problems such as phobias. This way involves using an effective self-help technique with an affordable over-the-counter sedative.

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